![]() Several researchers have taken on the task of reviewing and analyzing theoretical models of HA and its associated terms. 16, 17 This clarification has not proved to be simple. Understanding the theoretical grounds underpinning the operationalizations of HA is a requirement for two reasons: to advance empirical research on clear conceptual dimensions and outcomes across various populations and contexts and to consequently enable the implementation of evidence-based strategies targeting biological, demographic, social, psychological, and behavioural determinants of HA in these settings. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Aligning concepts constitutes a priority action toward shaping policies and optimizing HA with targets set by WHO for 2030. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Perhaps the difficulty in achieving conceptual clarity in these terms lies in the complexities of the network of biological mechanisms underlying the ageing process, the different meanings of HA for different populations and contexts, and the ongoing debate on the concept of health. Past efforts in exploring HA show an explosion of normative terms, including active, resilient, and successful ageing, among many others, and a great heterogeneity in operationalizing conceptual models and definitions. However, many other definitions also exist. The WHO defines HA as maintaining a functional ability that enables individuals to meet their needs and contribute to society within their environment. 2 This raises the question of how to promote healthy ageing (HA) in the population. 1 This is of particular concern as this increase in life expectancy is often accompanied by increased years spent in ill health. In their quest to find life's meaning, older adults often have a vital need to share their reminisces with others who care, especially family.The increase in life expectancy at birth and global demographic shift into an older age present unprecedented social and economic challenges to the modern world. Throughout the process, they look back to try to find the meaning and purpose that characterized their lives. The elderly may reminisce for hours on end, take trips to favorite childhood places, or muse over photo albums and scrapbooks. Individuals who led active lives as young and middle adults will probably remain active as older adults, while those who were less active may become more disengaged as they age.Īs older adults approach the end of their life span, they are more apt to conduct a life review. ![]() In other words, growing old means different things for different people. To date, research has not shown either of these models to be superior to the other. Proponents of activity theory hold that mutual social withdrawal runs counter to traditional American ideals of activity, energy, and industry. Activity theory, on the other hand, sees a positive correlation between keeping active and aging well. Proponents of disengagement theory hold that mutual social withdrawal benefits both individuals and society. Disengagement theory views aging as a process of mutual withdrawal in which older adults voluntarily slow down by retiring, as expected by society. Two major theories explain the psychosocial aspects of aging in older adults. No one makes it through life without wondering if another path may have been happier and more productive. However, even older adults who achieve a high degree of integrity may feel some despair at this stage as they contemplate their past. Those who succeed at this final task also develop wisdom, which includes accepting without major regrets the life that one has lived, as well as the inescapability of death. Sexual Identity, Orientation: Age 12–19Įrik Erikson, who took a special interest in this final stage of life, concluded that the primary psychosocial task of late adulthood (65 and beyond) is to maintain ego integrity (holding on to one's sense of wholeness), while avoiding despair (fearing there is too little time to begin a new life course). ![]()
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